![]() By their nature, cross-sectional studies cannot capture dynamic changes, nor identify the progression of disease states or their environmental influences. Our knowledge of the psychiatric sequelae of preterm birth comes almost exclusively from cross-sectional studies of individuals born in different countries and different eras, who experienced diverse risk and resilience exposures during development (e.g., healthcare, education systems). ![]() Research suggests that ELBW survivors are at increased risk for mental health problems in childhood and adolescence, and that this risk may remain elevated in adulthood ( Mathewson et al., 2017). ![]() The smallest and most vulnerable of these infants are born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW <1000 g), and are exposed to significant prenatal (e.g., undernutrition, maternal stress) and postnatal stresses (e.g., life-saving neonatal intensive care procedures) that are associated with an increased risk of mental and physical morbidity ( Behrman & Butler, 2007). Just over 11% of all infants born world-wide in 2010 were preterm, ( Blencowe et al., 2013), with risks of almost 10% in the United States (2015 Purisch & Gyamfi-Bannerman, 2017) and nearly 8% in Canada (2013 Statistics Canada, 2016) and the United Kingdom (1996–2008 Zeitlin et al., 2013).
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